Fins Mask
Another world waiting to be explored
MILTON — Did you ever consider the possibility that another world could exist, just waiting to be explored?
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How deep can a woman dive with mask and fins only, if she is not especially trained in diving?
Is the breath-holding time the limit or coping with the water pressure? Which is the way, she notices, that's the pressure gets too much??
Because air can be compressed by adding pressure to it, pressure would be a concer to a skin diver. Water adds pressure (weight) which pushes on the air spaces in the body. These include, ears, sinuses, lungs, stomach and intestines.l Another artificial air space that is affected is the mask.
Scuba divers really only have to worry about the ears and mask air spaces as they descend because most other air spaces are equalized simply by breathing from their scuba cylinders and regulators.
Skin Divers on the other hand do not have that luxury.
The air in the lungs on a breath hold dive will compress with no means of equalizing them.
If your lungs are filled with air at the surface, they will compress to half their original size at a depth of 33 feet in salt water (34 feet in fresh water). Go another 33 feet deeper to 66 feet in salt water and they will compress to one-third their original size. Another 33 feet to 99 foot of salt water and the will compress to one-fourth their original size.
The pressure on the mask air space will begin to be noticable to the skin diver at about 7 or 8 ft. Skin divers can equalize the pressure in the mask by exhaling a bit of the air from the lungs into the mask through the nose. Masks have the nose enclosed in them for this purpose. Swim goggles should not be used any deeper than about 15 ft as it will begin to feel as though your eyes are being sucked out of your head (sorry to be so graphic).
The ears can be equalized by wiggling the jaw and swallowin while the skin diver descends. The skin diver can also equalize this pressure by pinching the nostrils together while exhaling through the nose. Please note that skin divers and scuba divers should avoid forceful equalization when using the second method as eardrum injuries could occur. Equalization of the ears should be done early and often as on descends beginning once at the surface and every few feet thereafter.
This should be done before any discomfort is felt. The skin diver will feel and hear a slight popping or clicking sound when they equalize their ears.
To extend bottom time, skin divers have been known to hyperventilate before going to depth. If this method is used, no more than 3 or 4 quick, deep breaths should be taken before breath holding. Any more than that and the skin diver could experience shallow water black out on ascent.
The hyperventilation is a trick to fool the autonomic nervous swystem and the brain into thinking that it doesn't need to inhales by blowing off excess carbon dioxide in the lungs which is the gas that triggers the brain to inhale. It takes the body longer to build up the trigger amount of CO2 when using hyperventilation.
The deepest that I have snorkeled is about 40 to 50 feet. The key is to get to know your limits and not to exceed them. I would suggest starting with shallower non hyperventilation dives and going a bit deeper following that. Your body will definitely let you know that you need to come back up. If you have good fins and strong leg muscles you can probably go deeper but again start shallow to acclimatize yourself first.
Women traditionally have a smaller lung capacity than a male that is the same body size, but they still usually win in an argument.
Next to fins, mask and a tank, the accessory that most symbolizes today's scuba diver is a wet suit. Usually made of a combination of neoprene rubber and synthetic fabrics, wet suits have come a long way since the early days of suit pioneers like the O'Neill brothers and their Santa Cruz "surf suits. Today's wet suits combine a wide variety of fabric weaves, designs, colors, and types of material densities. There are many, many brands, each offering its own unique take on one of the most essential parts of the diver's dress, especially if you're planning to dive in temperate or moderately deep waters.
History
The first wet suits were essentially rubber skins that were worn to keep in heat and protect the skin. These primitive suits gave way to more advanced suits made of neoprene, whose cellular construction allowed air and water to be trapped and heated better than mere rubber. Even though neoprene was more flexible, these early wet suits were easy to tear and very hard to put on; often dressing required applying talcum powder to the inside of the suit. Several generations passed, with breakthrough lines such as the Sharkskin and Turtleskin brands adding a layer of nylon sheeting to the inner suit and a textured surface to increase strength and durability.
Modern west suits use combinations of Lycra or other synthetic materials to replace nylon sheeting. Some brands, such as the Pinnacle Aquatics lines, feature combinations of titanium weaves and natural Merino wool to increased durability, warmth and to reduce odors. These modern suits also use layers of thicker materials to protect sensitive spine and neck areas, and have reinforced knee and elbow pads to protect the diver against chafing against rocks and coral heads.
How They Work
The basic principle of the wet suit is simple; water flow into the small pores of the neoprene foam of the suit, where it is trapped and warmed by the body heat and exertions of the diver. This layer of warm water acts as a thermos bottle, keeping the colder water from reaching the diver's body. Wet suits are designed to let water actually come in contact with the skin, as opposed to dry suits, which are sealed to keep water out. Wet suits are generally employed when temperatures range from 40 to 60 degrees-typical temperate dive ranges, while dry suits are used for lower temperatures all the way down to freezing.
Types of West Suits
There are many different types of west suits besides the well-known full suit. "Shorty" suits have full torsos, but do not cover the entire leg and arm areas. These suits are good for warm water conditions, where the main issue is maintaining body heat at greater depths. The "Farmer John" style (now less popular than in the late 80s when it was invented) has a thickened "pants" layer that goes up around the shoulders, but doesn't cover the arms; this type is good for surfing applications where knee protection is important. In addition, there are now specialized "thin suits" for competition swimming and light dive applications; these suits offer streamlining and abrasion protection more than they do temperature control.
Hoods
Since over 25% of body heat is lost through the head, hoods are a very important accessory to a full west suit. Hoods are often made of similar materials to a wet suit, but are somewhat thicker to prevent loss of heat around such a sensitive area. Most hoods have long "bibs" that tuck within the neck of the wet suit to protect against a gush of cold water down the neck.
Booties
While some wet suits have integrated "feet", most use separate "booties" that are drawn up over the legs of the west suit. Booties are usually corrugated and reinforced to allow divers to stand or push off against the bottom or rough surfaces.
Gloves
The last important accessory. Gloves must not only protect against cold water, but also must stop sharp coral and rocks from damaging the skin. Gloves often have textured fingertips to help in handling gear or other objects during a dive.
Summing Up
As you can see, west suits have come a long way since the early primitive rubber casings of the early 1950's. With new materials and special computer-aided designs, wet suits will continue to improve and offer the divers of the 21st century many new options for their diving experience.
Edward Price has had a keen interest in scuba diving for many years. For more practical tips and information on wet suits, visit his scuba diving resource site now.
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